Collaboration Teams - Members share responsibility for posting refined answers to the guided readings - succinct, relevant, clear, and with pictures or a video to compliment.
When contributing to the reading guide, follow these steps: 1) First complete the reading guide on your own from the cells unit page. 2) Write your response to a question in word and then copy it. Be sure to upload pictures and/or video for each question. 3) Click on the edit button and then go to the appropriate question and paste your answer below it.Sign your contribution with your first name and last initial and TEAM COLOR 4) Scroll to the very bottom and in the Optional comment box, place a summary of what you did and sign it (e.g. "I answered chp 26 question 3" - Tom S.) Th en click Save.
Blue
Purple
Green
Pink
Yellow
Orange
Red
16-18
14-15, 24
11-13, 23
9-10, 22
6-8, 21
4-5, 20
1-3, 19
1. Define the two catabolic pathways:
a. Fermentation: A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl, alcohol, or lactic acid – Jackie H.
b. Cellular respiration: The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel – Jackie H.
2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent. Electron transfers from one reactant to another are called redox reactions. During these reactions, the loss of electrons is called oxidation and the addition of electrons is called reduction. The electron donor is the reducing agent and the electron acceptor is the oxidizing agent. – Jackie H.
3. Why is being “reduced” equivalent to having a greater potential energy? Electrons repel each other. Adding more electrons to an atom is like pressing down on a spring; the electrons want to spring apart from each other. Just like pushing on a spring increases the potential energy of the spring, adding more electrons increases the potential energy of the atom Negatively charged electrons added to an atom reduce the amount of positive charge of that atom. An electron loses potential energy when it shifts from a less electronegative atom toward a more electronegative one. – Jackie H.
4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced?
The fuel (glucose) is oxidized and oxygen is reduced. The electrons lose potential energy along the way, and energy is released.
ORANGE TEAM
5. Describe electron movement with regard to the coenzyme NAD+ in this video.
6. Why are electron transport chains an advantage to living systems?
Respiration uses the electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive reaction. It consists of molecules like proteins built into the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Electrons removed from food are shuttled by NADH to the higher-energy end of the chain. At the lower-energy end, oxygen captures the electrons along with hydrogen nuclei, forming water. This is advantageous because the energy isn’t wasted in a single explosive step, instead is loses a small amount of energy with each step until they finally reach their electron receptor, oxygen.
-Corinne DJ
7. What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
The three stages are Glycolysis, which breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate; The citric acid cycle, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide; and Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis, which is a mode of ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions of the electron transport chain.
-Corinne DJ
8. What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
It is a mode of ATP synthesis that occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP as in oxidative phosphorylation. The “substrate molecule” refers to an organic molecule generated during the catabolism of glucose.
Translation: "substrate-level" means in the cytosol and not the result of a proton gradient moving through ATP synthase with oxygen as the ion acceptor
In this photo, Phosphate moves from PEP to ADP to form ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
-Corinne DJ
9. Complete the chart below re: glycolysis (or upload a completed image and summarize it)
clip_image002_Q_9
10. Label the transition reaction converting pyruvate to acetyl coA below:
-Amanda
11. Label the citric acid cycle below (steps 1-8):
clip_image002_Q_11
a. Where does the C “go” that is removed?
b. What is happening when NAD+ à NADH + H+?
c. Where is substrate level phosphorylation happening?
12. What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Pictures
Oxidative phosphorylation is the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain. - Shayne Huttick
13. What are cytochromes? Cytochromes are iron-containing proteins, and are components of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- Shayne Huttick
14. Define chemiosmosis and label the diagram below. chemiosmosis: the diffusion of ions across a selectively permeable membrane. This results in the production of ATP due to hydrogen ions moving back and forth over a membrane during cellular respiration.
Sawyer W of the purple squad
15. Label the diagram below of the activities occurring on the ECT.
Zack B
16. Complete the summary diagram of cellular respiration. You are responsible for these #’s and locations!
Brian N and the Blue Team
17. Label the diagram of fermentation below:
Fermentation: In the absence of oxygen, many cells use fermentation to produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, serves as an electron acceptor for oxidizing NADH back to NAD+, which can then be reused in glycolysis.
Two of the common end products formed from fermentation are ethanol (shown in A) and lactate, the ionized form of lactic acid. (shown in B)
Brian N and the Blue Team
18. Does aerobic cellular respiration happen in prokaryotic organisms – if yes – where?
Aerobic cellular respiration does happen in prokaryotic organisms. It occurs in the cytoplasm. The plasma membrane takes over the functions of the mitochondrial membrane.
Think Endosymbiosis!
Jordan and the blue team
19. What is the overall purpose of fermentation? Why does it have to occur? The overall purpose of fermentation is to allow some cells to oxidize organic fuel and generate ATP without using oxygen. – Jackie H.
20. What is a facultative anaerobe? Facultative Anaerobes are species that make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration. On the cellular level, our muscle cells behave as facultative anaerobes. In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate can be converted to actyl CoA, and oxidation continues in the citric acid cycle. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is diverted from the citric acid cycle, serving instead as an electron acceptor to recycle NAD+.
ORANGE TEAMMMM
21. What is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis?
Ancient prokaryotes most likely used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth’s atmosphere, since glycolysis does not require oxygen. Also, glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway, suggesting that it evolved very early in the history of life on earth. It’s cytosolic location implies antiquity because the pathway doesn’t require any membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells.
-Corinne DJ
22. Why do fats provide a little more than twice as many calories per gram as compared to carbohydrates or proteins? Hint: Think of the output of the Citric Acid Cycle.
23. Why would AMP stimulate cellular respiration and ATP inhibit it?
24. Why would phosphofructokinase being allosteric in character be an advantage to the control of cellular respiration?
Can you explain about ATP and AMP?
it is an advantage because it allows for natural control of Glycolysis. Rather than having receptors or something of that sort control how much is being produced, if there is too much of what Glycolysis produces it automatically slows down, and if there is too much of what Glycolysis changes than it needs to speed up, just as the governor on a train like we talked about in the beginning of the year.
When contributing to the reading guide, follow these steps:
1) First complete the reading guide on your own from the cells unit page.
2) Write your response to a question in word and then copy it. Be sure to upload pictures and/or video for each question.
3) Click on the edit button and then go to the appropriate question and paste your answer below it. Sign your contribution with your first name and last initial and TEAM COLOR
4) Scroll to the very bottom and in the Optional comment box, place a summary of what you did and sign it (e.g. "I answered chp 26 question 3" - Tom S.) Th en click Save.
1. Define the two catabolic pathways:
a. Fermentation: A catabolic process that makes a limited amount of ATP from glucose without an electron transport chain and that produces a characteristic end product, such as ethyl, alcohol, or lactic acid – Jackie H.
b. Cellular respiration: The most prevalent and efficient catabolic pathway for the production of ATP, in which oxygen is consumed as a reactant along with the organic fuel – Jackie H.
2. Use the following terms correctly in a sentence: redox reactions, oxidation, reduction, reducing agent and oxidizing agent.
Electron transfers from one reactant to another are called redox reactions. During these reactions, the loss of electrons is called oxidation and the addition of electrons is called reduction. The electron donor is the reducing agent and the electron acceptor is the oxidizing agent. – Jackie H.
3. Why is being “reduced” equivalent to having a greater potential energy?
Electrons repel each other. Adding more electrons to an atom is like pressing down on a spring; the electrons want to spring apart from each other. Just like pushing on a spring increases the potential energy of the spring, adding more electrons increases the potential energy of the atom
Negatively charged electrons added to an atom reduce the amount of positive charge of that atom. An electron loses potential energy when it shifts from a less electronegative atom toward a more electronegative one. – Jackie H.
4. In cellular respiration, what is being oxidized and what is being reduced?
The fuel (glucose) is oxidized and oxygen is reduced. The electrons lose potential energy along the way, and energy is released.
ORANGE TEAM
5. Describe electron movement with regard to the coenzyme NAD+ in this video.
6. Why are electron transport chains an advantage to living systems?
Respiration uses the electron transport chain to break the fall of electrons to oxygen into several energy-releasing steps instead of one explosive reaction. It consists of molecules like proteins built into the inner membrane of the mitochondrion. Electrons removed from food are shuttled by NADH to the higher-energy end of the chain. At the lower-energy end, oxygen captures the electrons along with hydrogen nuclei, forming water. This is advantageous because the energy isn’t wasted in a single explosive step, instead is loses a small amount of energy with each step until they finally reach their electron receptor, oxygen.
-Corinne DJ
7. What are the three stages of aerobic cellular respiration?
The three stages are Glycolysis, which breaks down glucose into 2 molecules of pyruvate; The citric acid cycle, which completes the breakdown of glucose by oxidizing a derivative of pyruvate to carbon dioxide; and Oxidative phosphorylation: electron transport and chemiosmosis, which is a mode of ATP synthesis powered by redox reactions of the electron transport chain.
-Corinne DJ
8. What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
It is a mode of ATP synthesis that occurs when an enzyme transfers a phosphate group from a substrate molecule to ADP, rather than adding an inorganic phosphate to ADP as in oxidative phosphorylation. The “substrate molecule” refers to an organic molecule generated during the catabolism of glucose.
Translation: "substrate-level" means in the cytosol and not the result of a proton gradient moving through ATP synthase with oxygen as the ion acceptor
In this photo, Phosphate moves from PEP to ADP to form ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation.
-Corinne DJ
9. Complete the chart below re: glycolysis (or upload a completed image and summarize it)
10. Label the transition reaction converting pyruvate to acetyl coA below:
-Amanda
11. Label the citric acid cycle below (steps 1-8):
a. Where does the C “go” that is removed?
b. What is happening when NAD+ à NADH + H+?
c. Where is substrate level phosphorylation happening?
12. What is oxidative phosphorylation?
Oxidative phosphorylation is the production of ATP using energy derived from the redox reactions of an electron transport chain.
- Shayne Huttick
13. What are cytochromes?
Cytochromes are iron-containing proteins, and are components of electron transport chains in mitochondria and chloroplasts.
- Shayne Huttick
14. Define chemiosmosis and label the diagram below.
chemiosmosis: the diffusion of ions across a selectively permeable membrane. This results in the production of ATP due to hydrogen ions moving back and forth over a membrane during cellular respiration.
Sawyer W of the purple squad
15. Label the diagram below of the activities occurring on the ECT.
Zack B
16. Complete the summary diagram of cellular respiration. You are responsible for these #’s and locations!
Brian N and the Blue Team
17. Label the diagram of fermentation below:
Fermentation:
In the absence of oxygen, many cells use fermentation to produce ATP by substrate-level phosphorylation. Pyruvate, the end product of glycolysis, serves as an electron acceptor for oxidizing NADH back to NAD+, which can then be reused in glycolysis.
Two of the common end products formed from fermentation are ethanol (shown in A) and lactate, the ionized form of lactic acid. (shown in B)
Brian N and the Blue Team
18. Does aerobic cellular respiration happen in prokaryotic organisms – if yes – where?
Aerobic cellular respiration does happen in prokaryotic organisms. It occurs in the cytoplasm. The plasma membrane takes over the functions of the mitochondrial membrane.
Think Endosymbiosis!
Jordan and the blue team
19. What is the overall purpose of fermentation? Why does it have to occur?
The overall purpose of fermentation is to allow some cells to oxidize organic fuel and generate ATP without using oxygen. – Jackie H.
20. What is a facultative anaerobe?
Facultative Anaerobes are species that make enough ATP to survive using either fermentation or respiration. On the cellular level, our muscle cells behave as facultative anaerobes. In a facultative anaerobe, pyruvate is a fork in the metabolic road that leads to two alternative catabolic routes. Under aerobic conditions, pyruvate can be converted to actyl CoA, and oxidation continues in the citric acid cycle. Under anaerobic conditions, pyruvate is diverted from the citric acid cycle, serving instead as an electron acceptor to recycle NAD+.
ORANGE TEAMMMM
21. What is the evolutionary significance of glycolysis?
Ancient prokaryotes most likely used glycolysis to make ATP long before oxygen was present in Earth’s atmosphere, since glycolysis does not require oxygen. Also, glycolysis is the most widespread metabolic pathway, suggesting that it evolved very early in the history of life on earth. It’s cytosolic location implies antiquity because the pathway doesn’t require any membrane-bounded organelles of eukaryotic cells.
-Corinne DJ
22. Why do fats provide a little more than twice as many calories per gram as compared to carbohydrates or proteins? Hint: Think of the output of the Citric Acid Cycle.
23. Why would AMP stimulate cellular respiration and ATP inhibit it?
24. Why would phosphofructokinase being allosteric in character be an advantage to the control of cellular respiration?
it is an advantage because it allows for natural control of Glycolysis. Rather than having receptors or something of that sort control how much is being produced, if there is too much of what Glycolysis produces it automatically slows down, and if there is too much of what Glycolysis changes than it needs to speed up, just as the governor on a train like we talked about in the beginning of the year.
Zack B.